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SUMMARY
GeoArabia
welcomes original scientific or technical manuscripts that are an
important contribution to the Middle East petroleum geosciences.
Before being accepted for publication, the manuscript has to be
favorably reviewed by at least two anonymous referees, usually in
about four weeks.
SUBMISSION OF AN ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT
Manuscripts should be submitted in paper form in triplicate,
and on a CD to the Editor-in-Chief, GeoArabia, and sent by
Registered Air
Mail to:
P.O. Box 20393,
Manama, Bahrain;
or preferably
by Courier to:
Manama Centre, Entrance 4, Suite 504,
Manama, Bahrain
Tel: +973 17 214 881; Fax: +973 17 214 475.
Electronic
files should be sent on a CD labeled with the author’s name.
The text, acknowledgements, references, figure captions, tables,
vector graphics, and raster images should be in separate files.
If the manuscript
is considered relevant to the Middle East petroleum geosciences,
then it will be posted on a password-protected website so that the
referees can review it. Accepted manuscripts will be edited and
designed for press via the website.
During press
runs, 100 colored reprints are routinely printed for the authors.
If a greater number of reprints is required the author must inform
GeoArabia in advance.
Brief biographies
and colored passport photographs (with names labeled on back) of
the author(s) should accompany the submission. Contact details of
each author should be included (e-mail, company, position, mailing
and courier address, telephone and fax number).
PERMISSION AND COPYRIGHT
It is the Author’s responsibility to obtain written permission
to use previously published material or new data that belong to
Government Ministries or Petroleum Companies. The use of proprietary
information, such as well logs and seismic lines, requires both
an acknowledgment and written permission from the owner. A statement
of such permission must appear in the figure captions in the form:
“Reprinted from (name of Author and publication) and published with
permission.”
Once submitted
and published, the copyright of the paper will be held by
GeoArabia
.
FORMAT OF MANUSCRIPT
The text of submitted manuscripts should be printed on numbered
A4 paper using:
either British or American English
spelling throughout
font size 12
single column
left-justified
double-spaced
without hyphenation
three levels of headers can be used
paragraphs should be separated with
a skipped line and not be indented
periods should be followed by one space
italicized words should be underlined
a single space should separate digits
and units of measure (e.g. 200 m)
four or more digits should include
a comma (e.g. 2,500)
unfamiliar abbreviations should follow
in parentheses when the word is first used
figure captions and the figures (each
on a separate page) should follow at the end of the text.
The figures
of manuscripts should be submitted as follows:
each graphic should be on a separate
page. A full-page
GeoArabia
graphic should be planned for
about 16 cm x 24 cm (portrait or landscape).
If required, larger illustrations (2-facing
page, foldouts and posters) are welcome.
GRAPHICS
GeoArabia’s graphics are unmatched in the petroleum industry’s
journals. No effort is spared to ensure that the resolution and
size of graphics are generous with respect to detail. GeoArabia
edits the colors, lettering and symbols to highlight phenomenon
in a consistent manner throughout the journal. A full-page GeoArabia
graphic should be planned for about 16 cm x 24 cm (portrait or landscape).
If required, larger illustrations (2-facing page, foldouts and posters)
are welcome.
Although many graphics software are used in the industry,
GeoArabia
goes to press electronically using an Adobe-Windows platform.
To streamline the publication process
GeoArabia
requires
preparation of text and figures according to specific standards.
Text
should be saved in Microsoft Word rich text format (.rft). Submitted
manuscripts should be printed on numbered A4-size paper using: double-spacing;
font size 12; single column; left-justified; and without line-break
hyphenation. Paragraphs should be separated with a skipped line
and not indented. Periods should be followed by one space and italicized
words should be underlined. Spelling should be either British or
American. A space should separate digits and units of measure (e.g.
200 m). Four or more digits should include a comma (e.g. 2,500).
Do not send text files with embedded tables, figures, etc. and Save
your text in rich text format without any hypertext links, indexing
or special formatting.
Tables
should be in Microsoft Excel version 5.0 or higher (.xls)
Vector
graphics
(contour maps, electrical logs, cross-sections,
etc.) for example prepared with Macromedia Freehand (.fh), CorelDraw
(.cdr), Deneba Canvas (.cv) must be exported as Adobe Illustrator-Windows
files versions 10.0-12.0 (.ai or .eps). In all figures use only pastel
color fills (do not use pattern fill, e.g. cross-hatches, stripes).
Raster
graphics
(photos, images, seismic lines, etc.) should be
sent as high quality original photographs or laser prints on white
paper in full A4 size.
Annotations or
overlays (text, arrows lines etc.) should not be visible on these
prints. Annotations and overlays will be added by
GeoArabia
based on the paper copy of the original accepted manuscript. In
addition, high-resolution electronic raster graphics can be included
on the CD. These files have to be saved in Tagged Image File Format
(.tif) or Joint Photographic Experts Group (.jpg). The size of these
raster graphics needs to be at least 20 x 30 cm with 300 dpi resolution.
GeoArabia
has a complete collection of
country and regional base maps
that are available from previous publications. New or modified maps
should include latitude and longitude cross lines, with a north
arrow and scale (km).
GeoArabia
stratigrapic columns are
also available to Authors. These may be photocopied and annotated
for new manuscripts. New columns, measured sections, cross-sections,
etc. should try to adopt lithological symbols and colors as seen
in the journal.
Log curves
should be drawn as continuous lines (not dashed) and without patterns
fills and minimum gridlines. It should be in separate tracks on
a clear or white background. If logs can not be exported as vector
files than these have to be submitted as high resolution photo quality
A4 size print (curves in separate tracks on a clear or white background).
PROOFS AND REPRINTS
All manuscripts are designed in collaboration with the Authors
who must approve the final pre-press proofs. During press runs,
100 colored reprints are routinely printed for the Authors. If a
greater number of reprints is required the Author must inform
GeoArabia
in advance.
TITLE OF PAPER AND RUNNING HEADER
The title of a paper should be concise and informative. Where
appropriate a country or geological age should be included in the
title. The running header appears at the top of every other page
and is a short extract from the title of the paper.
AUTHORS OF PAPER
In the case of multiple Authorship, names should be placed in
order of importance of contribution. The first-named Author normally
assumes the responsibility of corresponding with
GeoArabia
.
The corresponding Authors must provide mail and courier addresses,
e-mail address, and telephone and fax numbers. The corresponding
Author must also provide biographies, photographs, and e-mail addresses
of the co-Authors for
GeoArabia
. The Authors should update
their details regularly using the Gulf PetroLink Geoscience Directory
website (www.gulfpetrolink.com).
ABSTRACT
An abstract should briefly state why the work was done, the
method(s) used, the principal data, and the conclusions. The abstract
should not use acronyms, uncommon abbreviations and references.
According to
Landes (1966): “The abstract is of the utmost importance, for it
is read by 10 to 500 times more people than read the entire article.
It should not be a mere recital of the subjects covered. Expressions
such as “is discussed” and “is described” should never be included!
The abstract should be a condensation and concentration of the essential
information in the paper.”
INTRODUCTION
Claerbout (1996) suggests a simple and effective formula for
an introduction that consists of three consecutive parts: (1) review,
(2) claim, and (3) agenda.
For the review,
cite several key papers that provide a background to your research
and paraphrase a sentence or two from each of their abstracts. Organize
the review so that it leads up to your claim. The claim should show
that your work is a worthwhile extension of the review you just
wrote. The agenda is found at the end of many introductions. It
summarizes what you will show the reader as your paper progresses.
Your agenda will be dull if it is merely a recital of the topics
you will cover. Instead, it should tell how your paper works to
fulfill your claim.
If possible some
of the conclusions can be made in simple statements after the agenda.
If so, state them early, right after your agenda. Unfortunately,
many technical papers do not lend themselves to early conclusions.
DATA
A data section usually follows the Introduction and provides
an account of the basic data and information used in the paper.
This section should refer to key figures and tables that show the
data and its geographic location.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Most geological papers and many geophysical papers include a
geological setting section that reviews the relevant stratigraphic
column (formation, member, reservoir, etc.) and evolution (tectonics,
environment, etc.). A stratigraphic column and a summary regional
geological map are useful and, in most cases, essential.
PROGRAM OF STUDY
The main body of the paper should describe in detail the types
of investigations carried out and how. It is essential to arrange
the work segments in the most logical sequence so that the reader
can follow the strategy of the investigation. Describe the program
of study, and the methods used.
DISCUSSION
This semifinal section of the paper should discuss the interpretation
or model arrived at by the Author.
CONCLUSIONS
This final section brings together the components of the work,
shows how far the stated objectives have been satisfied, and may
recommend future action.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It is always appropriate for the Authors to thank colleagues
and organizations who have provided assistance, information or concepts,
even as part of the normal course of their duties. Company Management
and Government Ministries should be thanked for releasing data and
studies. Specific pieces of work (internal reports and discussions)
must be credited to the person who made them. Such credits should
be carried, if possible, in the tables, lists, figure captions,
or statements in which the work is reported. Authors also thank
the anonymous Referees, Editors, and the design staff of
GeoArabia
.
REFERENCES
Authors must ensure that all references in the text (and in
the illustrations) are shown in the Reference list and vice versa,
and that bibliographic details are correct.
The
Reference
List
should be in alphabetical-chronological order. Names
of Authors are listed alphabetically by family name. Names beginning
with “Al-”, “de”, “El”, “van”, for example, are listed under “A”,
“D”, “E”, and “V”.
All papers by
a single Author are listed chronologically. Listed subsequently
are papers written by that person as senior Author with one or more
coauthors. Examples (all listed chronologically within each group):
Smith 1978
Smith 1989
Smith and Brown 1979
Smith, Brown and Jones 1984
Smith and Jones 1999
Smith, Jones and Brown 1986
Use letters a, b, c, etc., where an Author (or a group of Authors)
has more than one paper published in the same year.
Examples in Reference List
Journal:
Stewart, I.C.F., T.C. Connally and J.H. Copley 1996. Stratigraphic
interpretation of magnetotelluric data in central Saudi Arabia.
GeoArabia, v. 1, no. 1, p. 52-63.
Abstract:
Al-Husseini, M.I., J. Letouzey and M.C.
Cacas 1996. Characterizing fractured reservoirs in the Arabian Gulf.
2nd Middle East Geosciences Conference, GEO’96. GeoArabia, Abstract,
v. 1, no. 1, p. 105.
Book:
Beydoun, Z.R. 1988. The Middle East - Regional
Geology and Petroleum Resources. Scientific Press Limited, UK, 292
p.
Books
with Editors:
Whyte, S.J. 1995. Natih field, Oman. In
M.I. Al-Husseini (Ed.), Middle East Geosciences Conference, GEO’94.
Gulf Petrolink, Bahrain, v. 2, p. 917-925.
GeoArabia
Special Publication:
Sharland, P.R., R. Archer, D.M. Casey, R.B. Davies, S.H. Hall, A.P.
Heward, A.D. Horbury and M.D. Simmons 2001. Arabian Plate Sequence
Stratigraphy. GeoArabia Special Publication 2, Gulf PetroLink, Bahrain,
371 p.
Note: separate
page numbers with a hyphen (-) not endash (–).
Reference in the text
In the text, a reference shown in a parenthesis indicates the
source of the information. It is written as follows: “The Formation
is 135 m thick (Smith, 1997)”; or “According to Smith (1997) the
Formation is 135 m thick.” When several references appear together
they are listed chronologically, except where the same Author appears:
(Smith, 1978, 1979; Smith and Brown, 1979).
Reference in Figure Captions
In addition to any general acknowledgment of a book or article
in the text, credit for each borrowed graphic/table should be shown
on it or in its caption/title (Hansen, 1991). Use “From Smith (1995)”
if the material is reproduced essentially as originally published
even if the style/format has been slightly changed or it has been
redrafted. Use “Modified from Smith (1995)” if the substantive content
has been changed in any way. The term “After Smith (1995)” is more
nebulous and implies use of an idea but not a direct copy. Uncredited
photographs are assumed to be the work of the Author(s). Borrowed
photographs should be acknowledged in the caption, even if modified
by the borrower.
Unpublished References and Communications
Communications and unpublished company reports are generally
not listed in the References and are indicated in the text as follows:
A. Smith, written communication, 1995
Smith, oral communication, 1999
(“written communication” or “oral communication” is preferred to
the more nebulous “personal communication”.)
A. Smith, unpublished XYZ [company] report [give title], 1989
Non-English Journal Names
The following is a list of some common non-English language
societies, organizations, and publications in the Earth Sciences:
Annales: Société
Géologique du Nord, France, v.
Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, v.
Comptes Rendus de l’Academie des Sciences de Paris, Sciences de
la terre et des planètes (Série II, etc.)
École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie de Nancy
École Nationale Supérieure des Pétroles et Moteurs, Ruiel-Malmaison,
France
Erdöl und Kohle, v.
Geologie en Mijnbouw, v.
Geologische Rundschau, v.
Geologisches Jahrbuch. Reihe B: Regionale Geologie Ausland, v.
Geologisches Jahrbuch. Reihe D: Mineralogie, Petrographie, Geochemie,
Lagerstättenkunde, no.
Mémoires du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, Peri-Tethys
Mémoire
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen, v. [monthly
volume]
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte, v. [annual
volume]
Notes et Memoires Moyen-Orient, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle,
Paris,
Notes et Memoires sur le Moyen-Orient. Museum Nationale d’Histoire
Naturelle, Paris, Tome XIII,
Paläontographica, Abteilung A: Paläozoologie-Stratigraphie, v.
Revista de la Sociedad geológica de España
Revista Española de Micropaleontologia, v.
Revue de l’Institut Français du Pétrole
Revue de Paleobiologie
Revue Micropaleontologie, v.
Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España
Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia
Schweizerische Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen,
v.
Science de la Terre Memoire
Symposium sobre Yacimientos de Petroleo y Gas, XX Congreso Geologico
Internacional.
Verhandelingen van het Koninklijke Nederlands Geologisch Mijnbouwkundig
Genootschap, v.
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Bd. 117/II–III,
p.
Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften, v.
Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie, Teil 1: Allgemeine,
Angewandte, Regionale und Historische Geologie, v.
BIOGRAPHY
The biography (typically 100 words) should begin with the name
of the Author, including middle initials, and “nickname” or shortened
first name (if preferred). It should then follow with five statements:
Author’s present job title, department/division,
organization, city and country. Capitalize the first letters of
the job title (e.g. Reservoir Engineer, Professor).
List of the degrees (use BSc, MSc,
PhD for abbreviation), followed by the subject of study, year of
graduation, and university/institute.
Summary of employment history including
dates (years) of employment, job position and area of responsibility.
Affiliation to societies, awards received,
and papers/books published. Abbreviate well-known geoscience society
names (AAPG, AGU, EAGE, SEG).
Particular areas of professional interest.
COMMON ABBREVATION AND ACRONYMS
Abbreviations (abbr.) should be placed in parentheses when the
word is first used. Commonly used abbreviations (ft, m, km, sec,
sq km, °C, N, NW, etc.) need not be explained.
Acronyms are
coined words and symbols. Capitalize an acronym throughout when
only the first letter of each word is used (for example: DHI = direct
hydrocarbon indicator). When shortened names are used with more
than the first letter of each word, capitalize the first letter
only (for example:
Bapco
= Bahrain Petroleum Company).
Do not use abbreviations
and acronyms in the Abstract or in the title of a paper.
Scientific and Technical Terms
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ABL
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Abyssal
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ADN
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Azimuthal Density Neutron
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AP
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Arabian
Plate
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ARI
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Azimuthal Resistivity Imager
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AVO
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Amplitude Versus Offset
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bbl/d
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barrels
per day
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BAT
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Bathyal
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BP
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Before
Present (dates before 1950; thousands of years; only for
Quaternary)
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BHC
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Borehole Compensated Sonic Log
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BHTV
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Borehole Televiewer
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BOE
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Barrels
Of Oil Equivalent
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BOPD
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Barrels
Of Oil Per Day
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BP
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Before
Present (only for Quaternary)
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BS&W
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Brine
Solution and Water
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Btu
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British
thermal unit
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BV
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Bulk
Volume
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°C
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degree
Celsius
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CAL
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Caliper
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cal
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calorie
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calc
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calculated
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CBL
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Cement
Bond Log
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CCP
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Common
Conversion Point
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CDL
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Compensated Desnilog
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CDP
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Common
Depth Point
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CDR
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Compensated Dual Resistivity
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CHFR
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Cased
Hole Formation Resistivity
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CFP
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Common
Focus Point
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CI
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Contour
Interval
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cm
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centimeter(s)
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CMP
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Common
Mid Point
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CNL
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Compensated Neutron Log
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COF
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Coastal, Fluviomarine
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COL
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Coastal, Holomarine
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CONT
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Continental
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const
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constant
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CP
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Coastal
Plain
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CRP
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Common
Reflection Point
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CRS
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Common
Risk Segment
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CST
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Continuous Sample Taker
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Ctg
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in cuttings
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DEN
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Density
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DHI
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Direct
Hydrocarbon Indicators
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DHT
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Direct
Hydrocarbon Typing
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DLL
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Dual
Laterolog
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DMO
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Dip Moveout
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DSM
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Differential Spectrum Method
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DST
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Drillstem Test
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DZ
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Divided
Zone
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EMV
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Expected Monetary Value
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EOM
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Extraction (Extracted) Organic Matter
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EOR
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Enhanced Oil Recovery
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ESP
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Expanding Spread Profiles
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°F
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degree
Fahrenheit
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FDC
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Formation Density Log
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FIN
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Fluviomarine, Inner Neritic
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FIT
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Formation Interval Tester
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FK
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Frequency/Wave Number
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Fm
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Formation (formal) [Not in text]
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fm
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formation (informal) [Not in text]
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FMI
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Formation MicroImager
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FMN
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Fluviomarine, Middle Neritic
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FMS
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Formation MicroScanner Log
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fms
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formations (plural) [not in text]
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FON
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Fluviomarine, Outer Neritic
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ft
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foot/feet
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g
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gram
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g/cc
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gram
per cubic centimeter (not g/cm
3
)
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gal
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gallon
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gal/min
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gallons
per minute
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GCP
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Gas/Condensate Producer
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GHMT
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Geological High-Resolution Magnetic Tool
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GI
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Gas Injector
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GIS
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Geographic Information Systems
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GOC
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Gas-Oil
Contact
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GOGD
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Gas-Oil
Gravity Drainage
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GOR
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Gas/Oil
[or Gas to Oil] Ratio
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GOSP
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Gas-Oil
Separation Plant
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GP
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Gas Producer
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Gp
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Group
[not in text]
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GR
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Gamma
Ray Log
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GSS
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Genetic
Stratigraphic Sequence
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GST
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Gamma
Ray Spectroscopy Log
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hr
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hour
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HCS
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Hummocky Cross-stratification
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HDT
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High-Resolution Dipmeter Log
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HI
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Hydrocarbon Index
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HDIL
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High
Definition Induction Logging
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HIN
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Holomarine, Inner Neritic
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HMN
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Holomarine, Middle Neritic
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HON
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Holomarine, Outer Neritic
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HST
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Highstand System Tract
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HVA
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Horizon
Velocity Analysis
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Hz
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Hertz
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ICP-MS
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (Spectrometer)
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IL
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Induction Logging
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I/O
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Input/Output
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in
|
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inch
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IRC
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Integrated Reservoir Characterization
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k
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thousand
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ka
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thousands of years
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L
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liter
(note that lower case “el” (l) may be confused with numeral
1)
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L/LOW
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Lower
(in Stratigraphy column)
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lb
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pound
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LBAT
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Lower
Bathyal
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LCP
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Lower
Coastal Plain
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LDL
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Litho
Density Log
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LL
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Laterolog
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LNG
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Liquefied Natural Gas
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log
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logarithm
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LOM
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Level
of Organic Maturation
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long
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longitude
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LPG
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Liquefied Petroleum Gas
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LST
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Lowstand System Tract
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LWD
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Logging-While-Drilling
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m
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meter
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M
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million
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M/MID
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Middle
(in Stratigraphy column)
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Ma
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million
years (age)
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MBAT
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middle
bathyal
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Mb
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Member
[Not in text]
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Mbs
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members
(plural) [Not in text]
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MD
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Measured Depth
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mD
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milliDarcy/milliDarcies
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MFI
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Maximum
Flooding Interval
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MFS
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Maximum
Flooding Surface
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MHS
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Maximum
Horizontal Stress
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MICP
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Mercury
Injection Capillary Pressure
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MLL
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Micro
Laterolog
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MMBBL
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Million
Barrels
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MMBO
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Million
Barrels Of Oil
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MMBOE
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Million
Barrels Oil Equivalent
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MMBW
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Million
Barrels Of Water
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MMCFG
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Million
Cubic Feet Of Gas
|
|
MMCFGD
|
|
Million
Cubic Feet Of Gas Per Day
|
|
MMSTB
|
|
Million
Stock Tank Barrels
|
|
MP
|
|
Mid Point
|
|
MRS
|
|
Maximum
Regression Surface
|
|
MSCT
|
|
Mechanical Sidewall Coring Tool
|
|
MSFL
|
|
Microsperically Focused Resistivity Log
|
|
msl
|
|
mean
sea level
|
|
MSV
|
|
Mean
Success Value
|
|
MWD
|
|
Measuring-While-Drilling
|
|
MWR
|
|
Microwave Radiometer
|
|
my
|
|
millions of years (to indicate time interval)
|
|
N/G
|
|
Net-to-Gross
|
|
NGS
|
|
Natural
Gamma Ray Spectrometry Log
|
|
NMO
|
|
Normal
Moveout
|
|
NMR
|
|
Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance
|
|
no.
|
|
serial
number and in citations
|
|
NPHI
|
|
Neutron
Porosity Index
|
|
NPV
|
|
(Discounted) Net Present Value
|
|
N-S
|
|
North-South
|
|
OB
|
|
Ocean
Bottom
|
|
OBC
|
|
Ocean
Bottom Cable
|
|
OBM
|
|
Oil-base Mud
|
|
OBMI
|
|
Oil-base Mud Imaging
|
|
OBT[M]
|
|
Oil-base Synthetics [mud]
|
|
OHL
|
|
Open
Hole Logs
|
|
OI
|
|
Oil (Condensate)
Injector
|
|
OM
|
|
Organic
Matter
|
|
OP
|
|
Oil Producer
|
|
OWC
|
|
Oil-Water Contact
|
|
PBU
|
|
Pressure Build Up (test)
|
|
PC
|
|
Precambrian (not Pre-Cambrian/ pre-Cambrian/preCambrian);
|
|
Pe
|
|
effective pressure
|
|
PI
|
|
Polymer
Injection; Production Index
|
|
PL
|
|
Production Log/Flow Profiles
|
|
PLT
|
|
Production Logging Tool
|
|
PM
|
|
Passive
Margin
|
|
PNC
|
|
Pulsed
Neutron Capture
|
|
PNZ
|
|
(Kuwait-Saudi Arabia) Partitioned Neutral Zone
|
|
POS
|
|
Possibility Of Success
|
|
ppb
|
|
parts
per billion
|
|
ppm
|
|
parts
per million
|
|
PSDM
|
|
Prestack Depth Migration
|
|
PSI
|
|
Prestack Imaging
|
|
PSTM
|
|
Prestack Time Imaging
|
|
psig
|
|
pounds
per square inch gauge
|
|
PT
|
|
Production Test
|
|
PTS
|
|
Pressure Temperature Sonde
|
|
PVT
|
|
Pressure/Volume/Temperature
|
|
P-wave
|
|
compressional wave
|
|
RES
|
|
Resistivity
|
|
Ret
|
|
returns
|
|
RFS
|
|
Repeat
Formation Sampler
|
|
RFT
|
|
Repeat
Formation Tester
|
|
RFT
|
|
Repeat
Formation Tester
|
|
RP
|
|
Reflection Point
|
|
RRT
|
|
Reservoir Rock Types
|
|
RST
|
|
Reservoir Saturation Tool
|
|
RT (Rt)
|
|
True
Formation Resistivity
|
|
RXO (Rxo)
|
|
Resistivity of Flushed Zone
|
|
SCAL
|
|
Special
Core Analysis
|
|
sec
|
|
second
|
|
SEM
|
|
Scanning Electron Microscope
|
|
S/N
|
|
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
|
|
SHDT
|
|
Stratigraphic High-Resolution Dipmeter Log
|
|
SI
|
|
Steam
Injection
|
|
SIS
|
|
Sequential Indicator Simulation
|
|
SIBHP
|
|
Shut-In
Bottom Hole Pressure (Test)
|
|
sin
|
|
sine
|
|
SON
|
|
Sonic
Travel Time
|
|
Sorw
|
|
Residual Oil Saturation to Water Displacement
|
|
SP
|
|
Spontaneous Potential; Shot Point
|
|
SRME
|
|
Surface
Related Multiple Elimination
|
|
ST
|
|
Stratigraphic Thickness
|
|
std
|
|
standard
|
|
STOIIP
|
|
Stock
Tank Oil Initially In Place
|
|
sq km
|
|
square
kilometer (not km
2
)
|
|
super-k
|
|
super
permeability
|
|
S-wave
|
|
shear
wave
|
|
SWC
|
|
Sidewall Cores
|
|
SWD
|
|
Seismic
While Drilling
|
|
SWS
|
|
Sidewall Samples
|
|
TAI
|
|
Thermal
Alteration Index
|
|
tan
|
|
tangent
|
|
TCF
|
|
Trillion Cubic Feet
|
|
TD
|
|
Total
Depth
|
|
TDA
|
|
Time
Domain Analysis
|
|
TDT
|
|
Thermal
(Neutron) Decay Time Log
|
|
TL
|
|
Temperature Log
|
|
Tmax
|
|
Pyrolysis Temperature; Maximum Temperature
|
|
TMS
|
|
Tectonostratigraphic Megasequence
|
|
TOC
|
|
Total
Organic Carbon
|
|
TP
|
|
Total
Porosity
|
|
TPT
|
|
Thermal
Decay Time
|
|
TS
|
|
Temperature Survey
|
|
TST
|
|
Transgressive System Tract
|
|
TTI
|
|
Time-Temperature Index
|
|
TVD(SS)
|
|
True
(Total) Vertical Depth (Subsurface)
|
|
twt
|
|
two-way
time
|
|
U
|
|
Upper
(in Stratigraphy column)
|
|
UBAT
|
|
Upper
Bathyal
|
|
UCP
|
|
Upper
Coastal Plain
|
|
unc
|
|
unconformity
|
|
VP
|
|
P-wave
velocity
|
|
VR
|
|
Vitrinite Reflectance
|
|
VR/E
|
|
Vitrinite Reflectance/Estimated
|
|
VR/M
|
|
Vitrinite Reflectance/ Measured
|
|
Vrms
|
|
RMS Velocity
|
|
Vstk
|
|
Stacking Velocity
|
|
VSP
|
|
Vertical Seismic Profiling
|
|
W
|
|
Watt
|
|
WFT
|
|
Wireline Formation Tester
|
|
WFP
|
|
Waterflood Pilot
|
|
WI
|
|
Water
Injection
|
|
WP
|
|
Water
Producer
|
|
wt
|
|
weight
|
|
yd
|
|
yard
|
|
yr
|
|
year
|
|
XRD
|
|
X-ray
Diffraction
|
Abbreviations and symbols
|
|
|
density
(mass)
|
|
|
|
mean
(statistical); micro (10
-6
)
|
|
|
|
ohm
|
|
|
|
porosity
|
|
|
|
standard deviation
|
|
|
|
viscosity, dynamic
|
|
|
|
volume
strain, bulk strain
|
|
|
|
wavelength
|
|
k
|
|
permeability
|
|
k
h
|
|
horizontal permeability [h subscripted]
|
|
P-wave
|
|
compressional wave
|
|
SH
|
|
polarized shear wave perpendicular to plane of profile
|
|
SV
|
|
polarized shear wave in vertical plane of profile
|
|
S-wave
|
|
shear
wave
|
|
V
p
|
|
P-wave
velocity [
p
= small caps]
|
|
V
s
|
|
S-wave
velocity [
s
= small caps]
|
Multiples and submultiples, SI Unit
|
G
|
|
giga
(10
9
)
|
|
M
|
|
mega
(10
6
)
|
|
k
|
|
kilo
(10
3
)
|
|
h
|
|
hecto
(10
2
)
|
|
da
|
|
deka
(10)
|
|
d
|
|
deci
(10
-1
)
|
|
c
|
|
centi
(10
-2
)
|
|
m
|
|
milli
(10
-3
)
|
|
|
|
micro
(10
-6
)
|
Organizations and companies
|
AAPG
|
|
American Association of Petroleum Geologists
|
|
ADCO
|
|
Abu Dhabi
Company for Onshore Oil Operations
|
|
ADIPEC
|
|
Abu Dhabi
International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference
|
|
ADMA-OPCO
|
|
Abu Dhabi
Marine Operating Company
|
|
ADNOC
|
|
Abu Dhabi
National Oil Company
|
|
AGU
|
|
American Geophysical Union
|
|
Bapco
|
|
Bahrain
Petroleum Company
|
|
BGS
|
|
British
Geological Society
|
|
BRGM
|
|
Bureau
de Recherches Géologiques et Minières
|
|
CASP
|
|
Cambridge Arctic Shelf Programme, Cambridge University
|
|
CGG
|
|
Companie Générale de Géophysique
|
|
CRC
|
|
Carbonate Research Center, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat
|
|
DPC
|
|
Dubai
Petroleum Company
|
|
EAGE
|
|
European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers
|
|
EGPC
|
|
Egyptian General Petroleum Company
|
|
ESG
|
|
Emirates Society of Geoscience
|
|
ETAP
|
|
Enterprise Tunisienne d’Activitiès Pétrolières
|
|
ETH
|
|
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule [Zurich]
|
|
GNPOC
|
|
Greater
Nile Petroleum Operating Co. Ltd.
|
|
GSI
|
|
Geological Survey of Iran
|
|
GUPCO
|
|
Gulf
of Suez Petroleum Company
|
|
IES
|
|
Integrated Exploration Systems
|
|
IFP
|
|
Institut Français du Pétrole
|
|
IUGS
|
|
International Union of Geological Sciences
|
|
JNOC
|
|
Japan
National Oil Company
|
|
JODCO
|
|
Japan
Oil Development Company
|
|
KACST
|
|
King
Abdul Aziz City for Science and Technology
|
|
KFUPM
|
|
King
Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
|
|
KISR
|
|
Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research
|
|
KOC
|
|
Kuwait
Oil Company
|
|
MEOS
|
|
Middle
East Oil Show
|
|
MIT
|
|
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
|
|
MOG
|
|
Ministry of Oil and Gas [Oman]
|
|
NAM
|
|
Nederlands Aardolie Maatschaapij
|
|
NIOC
|
|
National Iranian Oil Company
|
|
OMV
|
|
Östereichische Mineraloel Vereinigung
|
|
PDO
|
|
Petroleum Development Oman
|
|
PGS
|
|
Petroleum Geo-Services
|
|
QP
|
|
Qatar
Petroleum (previously QGPC)
|
|
RRI
|
|
Robertson Research International
|
|
SEPTAR
|
|
Shell
Exploration and Production Technology Applications and Research
|
|
SIEP
|
|
Shell
International Exploration and Production B.V.
|
|
SGS
|
|
Saudi
Geological Survey
|
|
USGS
|
|
United
States Geological Survey
|
|
ZADCO
|
|
Zakum
Development Company
|
Compass Directions and coordinates
are
expressed as one word without a hyphen; for example: Northeast.
If the direction is compounded then hyphenate: for example: North-northeast.
Other conventions include the following examples:
N-trending, NW-trending
the fault trends northwest
ENE-SSW-trending is redundant. Use the northern quadrant to describe
the trend; for example, “The fault trends ENE, or ENE-trending”
N35°E (no spaces after “N”, or before or after degree symbol)
Adopt N-S for North-South
Capitalize N-S, NE, SW, etc.
Do not capitalize but write in full: northeast Arabia, south Oman,
north, etc.
Coordinates of
wells and outcrops are written as latitude and longitude (not UTM)
and in hours, minutes and seconds; for example: 35°22′10″N, 55°30′28″E.
SPELLING AND LANGUAGE
British or American English
can be
used in
GeoArabia
, but consistently within any one paper.
The following are commonly confused English-American counterparts:
capitalise-capitalize; centimetre-centimeter; centre-center; colour-color;
focussed-focused; grey-gray; kilometre-kilometer; metre-meter; modelling-modeling;
mouldic-moldic; Palaeozoic-Paleozoic (in general: palaeo-/paleo-);
realise-realize, recognise-recognize; summarise-summarize.
Arabic
The Arabic word “al” commonly precedes family names and name
places. It can be capitalized or not: “al” or “Al”. It may be followed
by a hyphen: “Al-Husseini”; or not “Al Khalifa”. It may be joined
to the name with and without capitalization: “Alsharhan”, “AlMatroushi”.
In Egypt it is spelled as “el” instead of “al”. In order to make
bibliographic sorting easier,
GeoArabia
hyphenates Arabic
family names beginning with Al or El where the “Al” or “El” are
not joined to the name.
Common Arabic
spellings: Jabal (not Gabal, Jebel, etc.), Rub’ Al-Khali, Shu’aiba
Accents and Diacritical Marks
Çelal, École, España, Faculté des Sciences, Française, Générale,
Geológica, Géologie, Géologique(s), Géophysique, Jörg = Joerg, Minières,
Pétroles, Sengör, Série, Société Supérieure, Université.
Latin
c. approximate; not ca. [use only in parentheses or tables]
cf. compare/compared with [use only in parentheses or tables]
e.g. for example [use only in parentheses or tables]
et al. and others [use in reference citations]
i.e. “that is” [use only in parentheses or tables]
sl sensu lato
ss sensu stricto
in situ [no hyphen; but better to use “in place”]
Do not use, viz (namely)
Pluralize hiatus as hiatuses not hiatii
CAPITALIZATION
Geological time and position
Subdivisions of Eons
(Precambrian/Phanerozoic)
and Eras (Paleozoic, Mesozoic, etc.) are informal and so modifiers
are lowercase (lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late).
Subdivision
of Periods
(Systems) are formal and so the modifier (e.g.
Lower, Early, etc.) should be capitalized. Subdivisions of the Tertiary
and younger are lowercase.
Precambrian PC
lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late
Archean lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late
Proterozoic lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late
Paleozoic Pz lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late
Cambrian Cm Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Ordovician O Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Silurian S Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Devonian D Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Carboniferous C Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Permian P Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Mesozoic Mz lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late
Triassic Tr Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Jurassic J Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Cretaceous K Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Cenozoic Cz lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late
Paleocene Pal Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Eocene E Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Oligocene O Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Miocene M Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Pliocene Pl Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Tertiary Tt lower, upper; early late
Paleogene Pg Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Neogene Ng Lower, Middle, Upper; Early, Middle, Late
Quaternary Qt lower, upper; early, late
Pleistocene lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late
Holocene (Recent) lower, middle, upper; early, middle, late
Modifiers such
as earliest, basal, lowermost, mid-, latest and uppermost should
not be capitalized when preceding Periods/Systems (e.g. latest Permian,
mid-Jurassic).
Adopt Precambrian
(not pre-Cambrian or preCambrian).
Adopt Neoproterozoic (not Neo-Proterozoic)
Adopt infra-Cambrian (not Infracambrian)
Adopt Holocene (not Recent; the term recent is informal and denotes
any very recent time)
Abbreviate multiperiods
in tables and figures. For example:
Cambro-Ordovician (in text Cambrian-Ordovician)
Permo-Carboniferous (in text Permian-Carboniferous)
Permo-Triassic (in text Permian-Triassic)
Plio-Pleistocene (in text Pliocene-Pleistocene)
Subdivisions
of Stages are not generally formal and should not be capitalized.
Examples of ages (stages): early Albian, late Bathonian.
For Ordovician
stages drop “ian” for ending of stages; for example:
Tremadoc, Llanvirn, Caradoc (not Tremadocian, etc).
Note: early,
middle, late refer to time; lower, middle, upper refer to rock position.
Features and Events
Geographic features, name places or events should be capitalized
if considered well know; for example: Arabian Sea, Arabian Peninsula,
Arabian Plate, Arabian Shield, Central Arabian Arch, Ghaba Salt
Basin, Oman Mountains, Zagros Mountains, Zagros Fault, Najd Fault
System. Less well known features and hydrocarbon fields are not
capitalized; for example: central Arabia, Ghawar field, Neo-Tethys
passive margin, Oman foredeep, Proterozoic basement, Zagros crush
zone.
Stratigraphic
units
(Reservoir, Member, Formation, Group, Supergroup,
etc.) should be capitalized when formally defined. Do not capitalize
their plurals; for example, Shu'aiba Formation but Shu’aiba and
Kharaib formations.
Unconformities
are not capitalized; for example:
pre-Khuff unconformity.
ITALICS AND QUOTATIONS
Scientific names of genera, species, and subspecies or varieties
of organisms are ordinarily italicized. Names of families (-idea/-aceae)
and higher groups are capitalized but not italicized. Informal names
and adjectives based on fossil names are neither capitalized nor
italicized. Some examples are: Brachiopoda, hominids, Homo sapiens,
foraminifers, Spinachitina fragilis Zone and Shirbuirina fauna.
Titles of books
or journals, a new or uncommon term, and similar special text is
printed in italics. It is preferable for Authors to submit this
text with an underline and
GeoArabia
will accordingly italicize
it.
Quotation marks
are used to enclose direct quotations. At the ends of quotes, the
comma and the final period are placed inside quotation marks. Other
punctuation marks are placed inside the quotation marks only if
they are part of the matter quoted. Matter following “entitled,”
“the word,” “the term,” “marked,” “designated,” “classified,” “named,”
and “signed” is usually italicized.
CONVERSIONS
barrel (U.S.) = 42 U.S. gallons = 0.159 cu. m. = 159 litres
= 34.97 Imperial gallons
cubic meter = 6.3 U.S. Barrels
foot = 0.3048 m
kilometer = 0.621 miles (c. 5/8 mile)
meter = 3.28 ft
mile = 1.609 km (c. 9/5 km)
UNITS AND SYMBOLS
Units of measurement are abbreviated following numbers (e.g.
4 km) and the same abbreviation is used in the singular and plural.
A space is left between the number and the unit of measurement.
When used without numbers, however, units of measurement are not
abbreviated (e.g. The formation is exposed for several kilometers.).
° = degree. The
degree mark is always used in place of the word “degree” following
a figure denoting measurement.
% = percent [use only in parentheses or tables]
< = less than [use only in parentheses or tables]
> = greater than [use only in parentheses or tables]
µ = micrometer [one millionth of a meter; micron is the obsolete
synonym]
The mathematical
signs +, -, ±, ×, ⁄, =, >, =, <, =, etc., are separated from
the accompanying number by a space. For example: 2 x (24 + 2) -
9 = 43 (Use 2 x 2 = 4, not 2*2 = 4)
< 1 cm long
Magnification
is shown thus: × 100
Any symbol that
is set close up to figures (such as °, %, $), is used before or
after each figure in a group or series: 45° to 65°C (not 45 to 65°C),
15 to 30 percent; ± 2 to ± 7; 2° ± 1°.
Isotopes are written in the form 14C (tables or text) or carbon-14
(text).
NUMBERS IN A PAPER
Where possible, avoid beginning a sentence with a number.
Where possible,
avoid beginning a sentence with a number.
Decimals
numbers
should include the decimal point, with a zero placed
before the decimal point if there is no unit, both in text and tables:
0.157, not .157. Use a period (.) not a comma (,) for the decimal
point.
Large
numbers
are usually spelled out: 20 million, 3 billion,
$5 million; or use a power of 10 to reduce the length of the number:
16 ’ 106 (= 16 million). But use figures if other numbers in a series
are given in figures: The cost in 1997 was $750,000 and in 2000
was $2 million.
GeoArabia
uses “billion” in the US sense
of (1 ’ 109).
Long
numbers
are grouped in threes and are separated by commas:
3,057,985.
Decades
are written without an apostrophe: 1980s
not 1980’s.
US style
dates
are used in
GeoArabia
: May 3, 2001. Do not
use forms like 05-03-2001 to avoid confusion with the opposite British
style.
Numbers
less than 10
are written as words. For larger numbers,
figures are used. Figures are also used in a group of two or more
related numerical expressions, whether or not each number is less
than 10: The wells were tested at 4, 28, and 160 days.
Ordinal
numbers
are expressed as figures: 10th-20th century, 55th
meridian.
Quantities
and measurements
such as age, degree, measurement, money,
percentage, proportion, time, etc., are expressed in figures: 6
years, 15°, 45 km, 24 pages, $24, 17 percent, ratio of 1 to 4, scale
of 1:50,000, (but four centuries, three decades).
Numerals
are used whenever a number is followed
by a unit symbol: 6 kg, 100 m, 45 km, 17%, etc.
Round
numbers
are spelled out as follows: about one hundred wells;
nearly thirty kilometers; almost one hundred and fifty years ago.
Singular
verbs
should be used for a single noun; for example: “Eight
hundred feet of sandstone was measured”, or “Three million years
was required for the deposition of the formation.”
Mixing
units
should be avoided (ft, cm, m, etc. in the same sentence);
for example: The units are 10, 30 and 150 cm thick (not: 10 cm,
30 cm, and 1.5 m).
PUNCTUATION AND SENTENCE LENGTH
Use a period to separate sentences, one for each single thought.
Vary the lengths of sentences to heighten interest. Studies have
shown that 90% of readers easily comprehend an eight-word sentence.
A seventeen-word sentence is considered standard and comprehended
by 75% of readers. Only 24% of readers understand a 25-word sentence.
Use a colon (:)
when preceding a listing; “for example: These rocks crop out in
the area: sandstone, limestone, dolomite, and shale”.
HYPHENATION
If words commonly go together, or their combined meaning is
clear, hyphenation is unnecessary. The following examples have clear
meanings without hyphens: “low angle, open hole, rare earth element,
sea floor, solid waste disposal, time line, water flood, well casing
(see also one word or two words)”.
If several words
or a phrase are better qualified together then use hyphens to stress
their grouping. For example: “blue-green algae” has a single blue-green
color. It is not sometimes blue and other times green. Other common
examples are: back-of-the-envelope calculation, dark-gray shale;
coarsening-upward sequence, fine-grained sandstone; log-interpreted
lithology; oil-bearing shale; open-hole log, out-of-plane reflection,
NE-trending anticline, plate-wide deformation; sea-floor spreading;
thin-bedded sandstone; well-dated formation; 2-D seismic survey;
6- to 10-m-thick unit; twenty-one to ninety-nine; two-sided question;
thirty- (30-) day period
If a modifying
word follows a verb it is not hyphenated. For example: “The shale
is oil bearing”, or “The sandstone is fine grained and thin bedded.”
If the modifying
word is an adverb it is not hyphenated; for example: “well defined
aquifer”, “poorly defined surface”, or “highly condensed section.”
ONE WORD OR TWO WORDS
Common one words:
beachrock, biostratigraphic,
buildup [limestone buildup], chronostratigraphic, coauthor, crossplot,
database, dipmeter, downlap, downdip, downcutting, downthrow(n),
drawdown, drillstem, fluviolacustrine, fluviomarine, geochronology,
glaciomarine, hardground, highstand, hypersaline, intrashelf, lapout,
lithostratigraphic, lowstand, megasequence, microplate, multidisciplinary,
multistorey, etc (use hyphen if “i” is doubled; e.g. multi-index),
onlap, paleoenvironment, paleo-, postgraduate, preregistration,
reorganization, seawater, southeastern, subparallel, subsurface,
tectonomegasequence, tectonostratigraphic, timescale, turnaround,
updip, waterflooding, wavefield, wellbore, wellsite, worldwide.
Common
two words:
deep marine (but deep-marine sediments), deep
water, deeper water (but deep-water environment), fold belt, fourth
order, etc. (but fourth-order cycle), fresh water (but fresh-water
fish), graded bed/bedding, highly condensed, low angle, low relief,
low order (but low-angle fault, etc), open hole (but open-hole log),
sea floor, sea level (but sea-level oscillations), shallow marine
(but shallow-marine sediments), time line, water breakthrough, water
cut (but waterflooding), well known.
PAST AND PRESENT TENSES
Day (1998) presents these four points that distinguish the Author’s
own findings from what is accepted scientific knowledge:
Previous results should be given in
the present tense.
Description of methods and results
in the Author’s paper should be given in the past tense.
Presentation (for example: “Table 1
shows that … ”) is given in the present tense.
Attribution (for example “Jones reported
that … ”) is given in the past tense.
Most of the Abstract should be in the
past tense as it refers to the results being presented. On the other
hand, much of the Introduction and Conclusions should be in the
present tense, because these sections often emphasize previously
established knowledge.
FURTHER READING
Claerbout, J.F. 1996. A scrutiny of the introduction.
GeoArabia
,
v. 1, no. 2, p. 364-365.
Cooray, P.G.
1992. Guide to Scientific and Technical Writing. P.G. Cooray, Hindagala,
Sri Lanka, 159 p.
Day, R.A. 1998.
How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper. 5th Edition. Cambridge
University Press, 275 p.
Gowers, E. 1973.
The Complete Plain Words. 2nd Edition revised by Sir Bruce Fraser.
Penguin Books, 332 p.
Hansen, W.R.
(Ed.) 1991. Suggestions to Authors of Reports of the United States
Geological Survey. 7th Edition. US Government Printing Office, Washington,
DC, 289 p.
Jackson, J.A.
(Ed.) 1997. Glossary of Geology. 4th Edition. American Geological
Institute, Alexandria, Virginia, 769 p.
Landes, K.K.
1966. A scrutiny of the abstract, II. American Association of Petroleum
Geologists Bulletin, v. 50, no. 9, p. 1,992.
Malde, H.E. 1986.
Guidelines for Reviewers of Geological Manuscripts; with a Checklist
for Reviewing Geologic Maps by J.C. Reed, Jr. American Geological
Institute, 28 p.
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